Gully head modelling: A Mediterranean badland case study          下载免费PDF全文

Dino Torri  Jean Poesen  Mauro Rossi  Valerio Amici  Daniele Spennacchi  Cati Cremer 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(12):2547-2561

Predicting the location of gully heads in various environments is an important step towards predicting gully erosion rates. So far, field data collection and modelling of topographic thresholds for gully head development has mainly focused on gullies that formed in forested areas, rangelands, pastures and cropland. Such information for gullies in badlands however is very scarce. Therefore, this paper aims to extend the database on gully head topographical thresholds through data collection in a badland area and to improve the prediction of gully heads forming at sites with a very low erosion resistance value. For this, we chose a badland site located in central Italy that is characterized by biancana forms and both active and dormant gullies. The definition of the conditions under which present‐day gully heads developed allowed a better modelling of the gully head threshold equation, with modification of a previous model and the exemplification of how to use the updated model. The model shows that the resistance to gully head retreat depends on slope gradient and drainage area at gully heads, land use at the moment of gully development (as numerically expressed using parameters derived from the Runoff Curve Number method), surface rock fragment cover, presence of joints, pipes, and factors/processes affecting detachment rate. This study attempted to better understand environmental conditions that control the development of gully heads in badlands through a combination of field data collection of gully heads, an analysis of land use changes over 10 centuries, focusing on the period 1820–2005, and land use management through repeat photography and a critical examination of historical documents. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

考虑时间约束的地震救灾数学模型设计与实现          下载免费PDF全文

王前锋 《地震工程学报》2018,40(4):853-858

在地震救灾方面,针对信息实时更新的地震救灾数学模型,为了满足不同受灾点的物资需求,增加了出救点数量以及配送时间,以此来保证地震救援物资需求的满足度,提高了应急响应水平。结合地震救灾特点,设计了一种考虑时间约束的地震救灾数学模型。该模型在地震救灾物资需求预测部分,分析影响地震救灾物资需求量的主要因素,构建地震救灾物资需求量计算模型,对影响地震救灾物资需求量的主要因素构建隶属度函数,给出基于模糊综合评判的地震救灾物资需求分级模型。其次,考虑时间约束以及需求不确定等方面,构建考虑时间约束的地震救灾多目标优化数学模型,并给出求解模型。实验结果表明,该模型减少了救灾物资到达受灾点的延迟时间,可在满足时间约束的条件下提高物资需求满足率。  相似文献   

2016年8月24日意大利中部M_W6.2地震强地面运动特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

冯继威  李山有  宋晋东 《地震工程学报》2018,40(2):316-328

对意大利国家强震台网在2016年8月24日获得的其中部拉齐奥大区阿库莫利市发生的M_W6.2地震强震动三分向记录进行处理和分析。完成原始数据基线校正、滤波等基本数据处理，回归此次地震动幅值衰减规律，发现其整体与ITA08及BA08的衰减趋势一致，但远场实际值低于预测值，不同场地条件下的衰减特性与ITA10一致，近震源幅值较大，且方向性明显；计算并回归分析几种持时，与全球经验预测方程均基本吻合；比较4个幅值较大的近震源台站的反应谱，发现其明显高于欧洲抗震设计规范中的设计反应谱。结合此次震害特点，该地区在实际建设中仍需提高抗震设防能力，以确保安全性等级。  相似文献   

Hydrologic responses to land cover change: the case of Jedeb mesoscale catchment,Abay/Upper Blue Nile basin,Ethiopia          下载免费PDF全文

S. Tekleab  Y. Mohamed  S. Uhlenbrook  J. Wenninger 《水文研究》2014,28(20):5149-5161

The objective of this study was to quantify the impacts of land use/land cover (LULC) change on the hydrology of the Jedeb, an agricultural dominated mesoscale catchment, in the Abay/Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Two methods have been used. First, the trends of certain daily flow variability parameters were evaluated to detect statistical significance of the change of the hydrologic response. Second, a conceptual monthly hydrological model was used to detect changes in the model parameters over different periods to infer LULC change. The results from the statistical analysis of the daily flows between 1973 and 2010 reveal a significant change in the response of the catchment. Peak flow is enhanced, i.e. response appears to be flashier. There is a significant increase in the rise and fall rates of the flow hydrograph, as well as the number of low‐flow pulses below a threshold level. The discharge pulses show a declining duration with time. The model result depicts a change in model parameters over different periods, which could be attributed to an LULC change. The model parameters representing soil moisture conditions indicated a gradual decreasing trend, implying limited storage capacity likely attributed to increasing agricultural farming practices in the catchment. This resulted in more surface runoff and less infiltration into the soil layers. The results of the monthly flow duration curve analysis indicated large changes of the flow regime. The high flow has increased by 45% between the 1990s and 2000s, whereas the reduction in low flows was larger: a 15% decrease between 1970s and 1980s, 39% between 1980s and 1990s and up to 71% between 1990s and 2000s. These results, could guide informed catchment management practices to reduce surface runoff and augment soil moisture level in the Jedeb catchment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

移动荷载对桥梁动力响应的影响研究——以开裂预应力混凝土简支梁为例     

谢颖川  高静  刘长玲  刘迪 《震灾防御技术》2020,15(3):510-518

混凝土桥梁在工作过程中会产生裂缝，为分析移动荷载对开裂混凝土桥梁结构刚度的影响，对开裂梁动力响应进行分析。建立简支T梁桥有限元模型，并将移动荷载施加至有限元模型中。根据简支T梁桥破坏横向分布位置和强度的不同，研究不同工况下各梁荷载横向分布及不同移动速度对裂缝扩展宽度的影响。结果表明，数值模拟结果能较好地验证计算模型的准确性；在较大的移动荷载作用下，混凝土开裂，导致结构刚度减小、位移增大；随着移动荷载和速度的增加，开裂时间增加，结构刚度降低，持续时间增加，位移增大，使结构响应呈现明显非线性。  相似文献   

鄂西岩溶槽谷区洼地的水位响应特征及产流阈值估算   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

廖春来  罗明明  周宏 《中国岩溶》2020,39(6):802-809

以湖北省兴山县黄粮镇刘家坝和龙湾两处岩溶洼地作为研究对象，利用其降雨、水文和土壤水等监测数据，探讨灌入式补给条件下洼地汇流的水位响应特征和产流特点，并基于降雨量和洼地内明渠流量的关系，采用数学拟合方程，估算两处洼地的降雨产流阈值，进而分析了影响产流阈值的因素。结果表明:降雨强度增大，产流阈值减小；土壤前期含水率越大，越有利于坡面产流；落水洞和岩溶泉水位与降雨有较好的同步响应关系，水位变化曲线随雨强大小分别表现出“陡升陡降”和“缓升缓降”的特点；刘家坝和龙湾洼地的产流阈值分别为7.4 mm和10.6 mm。   相似文献   

高烈度区双洞隧道洞口段地震响应分析与振动台模型试验          下载免费PDF全文

皇民  苑俊杰  赵玉如  毕洁同  王松 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2020,31(1):113-119

强震作用下,隧道地下结构损伤严重,其中洞口段更是抗震的薄弱环节,但其影响规律和特点目前尚缺乏系统的计算分析和研究。以强震区扯羊隧道为例,首先采用FLAC3D对双洞隧道洞口段地震响应进行分析,再用模型试验的方法进行洞口段模型试验,测量其地震响应应变规律,观测其震害发展情况,并与数值分析结果相互验证。结果表明:地震作用下,隧道仰拱横向位移较大;随着隧道埋深增加,内力逐步增加,其中墙角部位内力较大;洞口处隧道围岩在强震作用下会产生贯通性裂缝,影响隧道洞口稳定;地震作用下的明洞与暗洞交接处内力较大;地震作用下的双洞隧道之间存在较强的动力相互作用。  相似文献   

1980 - 2015年南迦巴瓦峰地区冰川变化及其对气候变化的响应   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  

吴坤鹏  刘时银  郭万钦 《冰川冻土》2020,42(4):1115-1125

基于地形图和Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像等数据， 利用目视解译和波段比值法提取1980年、 2000年和2015年南迦巴瓦峰地区冰川空间分布数据， 分析研究区近35年冰川变化， 探讨冰川对气候变化的响应。结果表明： 1980 - 2015年， 南迦巴瓦峰地区冰川面积持续减小并呈加速退缩的趋势， 近35年共减少了（75.23±4.67） km²， 占1980年冰川总面积的（25.2±1.6）%， 年平均面积减小率为（0.73±0.05）%。研究区东南坡冰川面积变化速率大于西北坡， 在不同流域、 海拔及朝向上， 冰川变化差异较大。南迦巴瓦峰地区冰川表碛十分发育， 表碛覆盖冰川面积变化率小于裸露冰川， 表碛覆盖对冰川消融具有抑制作用。南迦巴瓦峰地区在气温显著升高的背景下， 虽然降水量有所增加， 但冰川对气温更加敏感， 因气温升高引起冰川消融所带来的物质损失超过降水增加对冰川的补给， 导致南迦巴瓦峰地区冰川普遍萎缩。  相似文献   

基于WebGIS的地震应急快速反应系统设计与实现     

余其鹏  汪波 《地震地磁观测与研究》2020,41(4):239-250

根据镇江地震地质情况及防震减灾工作实际，通过需求分析及系统整体设计，建立基于WebGIS的地震信息数据库管理系统。系统采用Oracle数据库、JavaScript语言、Tomcat网站服务器，开发了具有地方特色的地震应急处置快速反应系统，系统可实现震后快速评估、辅助决策、震后趋势分析、震后应急资料产出等功能。实际应用表明，该系统达到了低成本、高效率的预期目标。  相似文献   

Vertical vibration of a rigid strip footing on viscoelastic half-space     

Changjie Zheng  Lubao Luan  George Kouretzis  Xuanming Ding 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(14):1983-1995

This paper presents an analytical method for modeling the dynamic response of a rigid strip footing subjected to vertical-only loads. The footing is assumed to rest on the surface of a viscoelastic half-space; therefore, effects of hysteretic soil damping on the impedance of the foundation and the generated ground vibrations are considered in the solution. To solve the mixed boundary value problem, we use the Fourier transform to cast a pair of dual integral equations providing contact stresses, which are solved by means of Jacobi orthogonal polynomials. The resulting soil and footing displacements and stresses are obtained by means of the Fourier inverse transform. The solution provides more realistic estimates of footing impedance, compared to existing solutions for elastic soil, as well as of the attenuation of ground vibrations with distance of the footing. The latter is important for the estimation of machine vibration effects on nearby structures and installations.  相似文献